Introduction:
The 1920's came harshly to some people, who responded angrily to the new changes that would come in the years after the war to end all wars. The Ku Klux Klan, angered by the african american migration, experienced rebirth against their common cause. The theory of evolution angered devout christians called fundamentalists, people who follow the bible word for word. A few states outlawed the teaching of the theory, leading to the scopes trial, that proved you could not restrict free thought. African Americans, angered by the violence, wanted to stop it. These ideas got far fletched, such as Marcus Garvey's idea to return to africa and form their own nation. The red scare, a paranoia about the communists that took the country by storm, started by sen. Joseph McCarthy around 1917, grew to encompass most foreigners, best seen in the case of Sacco and Vanzetti, two italian anarchists, who did not want a government tried and executed even though Vanzetti didn't even commit the crime. This resistance, though large, stood no chance against the brute power of the roaring twenties.
Vocabulary: Ku Klux Klan Anarchists Evolution United Negro Improvement Organization (UNIA) Red Scare The Back to Africa Movement Marcus Mosiah Garvey started The Back to Africa Movement. Garvey was born in Jamaica on Aug. 17, 1887, and he died on June 10, 1940 . He is remembered mainly for “organizing the black nationalist movement of the 1920s.” Marcus Garvey thought that the United States of America were too prejudiced toward African Americans. So he founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association, or UNIA, in 1916. The UNIA decided that the “only solution was for people of African descent to unite and establish their own nation in Africa.” This Idea rallied “nearly 1 million followers” by 1921. Part of this was because of “Garvey's newspaper, Negro World.” Since everything was going to plan, Marcus Garvey “organized a steamship company, the Black Star Line (to find more click here), to provide a commercial link among all the black peoples of the world.” “In order to raise money to buy his first ship, Garvey sold shares in the company, chiefly by promoting it through his newspaper and speeches. He wanted the entire company to be financed by small investments from African Americans to further his goal of black economic self-sufficiency.” The “methods of selling stock in the line, however, led to his conviction (1923) for using the U.S. mails to defraud.” Garvey served “nearly 3 years of a 5-year sentence” in prison, but “he was pardoned by President Calvin Coolidge and deported to Jamaica in 1927 (for more information about Calvin Coolodge click here). "Marcus Mosiah Garvey started change for African Americans, and for that he will be known “as a national hero.”
Documents Work Cited: Outman, James L. "Garvey, Marcus." U.S. Immigration and Migration Reference Library. Ed. Lawrence W. Baker, et al. Vol. 3: Vol. 1: Biographies. Detroit: UXL, 2004. 143-151. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 11 Mar. 2011
"The Harlem Renaissance." American History. Edited. Evanston: McDougal Littell, 2008. Print.
Lewis, Ronald L. "Garvey, Marcus." Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. Grolier Online, 2011. Web. 11 Mar. 2011.
Pictures Work Cited: "Marcus Mosiah Garvey." Marcus Mosiah Garvey. Web. 10 Mar 2011. <http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http:www.africawithin.com/garvey/Mgarvey%255B1%255D.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.africawithin.com/garvey/garvey_bio.htm&usg=VdowxEX5Bsi4j0wQoOcGMXUE +Teo=&h=492&w=400&sz=19&hl=en&start=1&sig2=FKgHJM0N21IyxfxMUSua5A&zoom=1&itbs=1&tbnid=o2UKauZrtbH71M:&tbnh=130&tbnw=106&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmarcus%2Bgarvey%26hl%3Den%26gbv%3D2%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=PlR5TePJCMHdgQfjyeTwBg>.
Marcus Garvey foundation, Inc.. Web. 10 Mar 2011. <http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http:www.garveyfoundation.com/images/BlackStarAd.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.garveyfoundation.com/archives.html&usg=__lIDHHZCcIvjU4MNgTxpWVeAPGuo=&h=403&w=607&sz=67&hl=en&start=1&sig2=ez6EZjH1218dImg74F0kQw&zoom=1&itbs=1&tbnid=JJigydbTBvZVdM:&tbnh=90&tbnw=136&prev=/images%3Fq%3DBlack%2BStar%2BLine%26hl%3Den%26gbv%3D2%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=CFh5TarMKdTpgQfj_qTeBg>.
The Scopes “Monkey” Trial:
In 1925, the state of Tennessee approved a bill that would make it illegal to teach Darwin’s theory of evolution in public schools. Devout Christians were able to get a majority, as they believed that because
A political cartoon depicting what the darwinists were trying to put through
the bible was “word for word true” that evolution therefore both didn’t exist and was “ungodly”. Two months after the passing of the bill, opponents of the verdict met and decided that teacher John T. Scopes would defy the law and then go to court on it, knowing that the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) would fund any trial of that nature. On the 24th of April 1925, scopes lectured his class on the theory of evolution. He was then arrested two weeks later. The trial was a large event. The defense lawyers were Arthur Garfield Hayes, Dudley Field Malone, and well known trial lawyer Clarence Darrow. The prosecutors, eager to level the field, brought in William Jennings Bryan, who, contrary to his status, had not practiced law since the late 1890’s. The lawyers overshadowed the point of the trial, which was to expose that the bill passed by the Tennessee government did not keep church and state separated. The trial peaked at the point when Darrow called Bryan to the stand and exposed the flaws in his reasoning (this exchange can be found here). Contrary to the stand made by Darrow, the judge ruled against Scopes, fining him 100$, which was immediately paid by the ACLU. This trial paved the way towards the repeal of the anti-evolution laws and the widespread acceptance of evolution as a theory. Further information on this topic can be found at this link to a page on the subject.
Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan at the Scopes Trial
Sacco Vanzetti Case: Nicola Sacco was a humble shoemaker and Bartolomeo Vanzetti was a simple fish peddler. Both men were anarchists. On May 5th in 1920 both men were arrested for payroll holdup and murder in South Braintree. They escaped with a payroll of $16,000 after murdering the paymaster of a shoe making company and his guard. Both men were arrested because they both had pistols with them. Sacco’s gun however was of the same caliber as the one used to kill the one of the murder victims but not Vanzetti’s. They were found guilty by the jury on July 14th 1921. It took six years of politics and appeals but finally, on August 23rd 1927, they were electrocuted
Many angry people thought that the two men were accused of a tragic accident. They believed that they were convicted because of the fact that they were anarchists. Because they were anarchists and it was the time of the Red Scare their supporters believed that the government was just afraid of them. In 1926 the defense tried to redeem themselves by saying that the murders were committed by members of the Morelli Gang. Webster Thayer, the judge, had refused the opening of the case.
It was one of the most controversial cases in the 20th century. To this day historians are debating about who was innocent and who was guilty. Although now many historians believe that Vanzetti was innocent the answer is only known by Vanzetti himself for now. (Library of Congress) Bartolomeo Vanzetti (left) and Nicola Sacco manacled together and surrounded by guards and onlookers, as they approach the Massachusetts courthouse where they will be sentenced to death.
Introduction:
The 1920's came harshly to some people, who responded angrily to the new changes that would come in the years after the war to end all wars. The Ku Klux Klan, angered by the african american migration, experienced rebirth against their common cause. The theory of evolution angered devout christians called fundamentalists, people who follow the bible word for word. A few states outlawed the teaching of the theory, leading to the scopes trial, that proved you could not restrict free thought. African Americans, angered by the violence, wanted to stop it. These ideas got far fletched, such as Marcus Garvey's idea to return to africa and form their own nation. The red scare, a paranoia about the communists that took the country by storm, started by sen. Joseph McCarthy around 1917, grew to encompass most foreigners, best seen in the case of Sacco and Vanzetti, two italian anarchists, who did not want a government tried and executed even though Vanzetti didn't even commit the crime. This resistance, though large, stood no chance against the brute power of the roaring twenties.
Vocabulary:
Ku Klux Klan
Anarchists
Evolution
United Negro Improvement Organization (UNIA)
Red Scare
The Back to Africa Movement
Marcus Mosiah Garvey started The Back to Africa Movement. Garvey was born in Jamaica on Aug. 17, 1887, and he died on June 10, 1940 . He is remembered mainly for “organizing the black nationalist movement of the 1920s.” Marcus Garvey thought that the United States of America were too prejudiced toward African Americans. So he founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association, or UNIA, in 1916. The UNIA decided that the “only solution was for people of African descent to unite and establish their own nation in Africa.” This Idea rallied “nearly 1 million followers” by 1921. Part of this was because of “Garvey's newspaper, Negro World.” Since everything was going to plan, Marcus Garvey “organized a steamship company, the Black Star Line (to find more click here), to provide a commercial link among all the black peoples of the world.” “In order to raise money to buy his first ship, Garvey sold shares in the company, chiefly by promoting it through his newspaper and speeches. He wanted the entire company to be financed by small investments from African Americans to further his goal of black economic self-sufficiency.” The “methods of selling stock in the line, however, led to his conviction (1923) for using the U.S. mails to defraud.” Garvey served “nearly 3 years of a 5-year sentence” in prison, but “he was pardoned by President Calvin Coolidge and deported to Jamaica in 1927 (for more information about Calvin Coolodge click here). "Marcus Mosiah Garvey started change for African Americans, and for that he will be known “as a national hero.”
Documents Work Cited:
Outman, James L. "Garvey, Marcus." U.S. Immigration and Migration Reference Library. Ed. Lawrence W. Baker, et al. Vol. 3: Vol. 1: Biographies. Detroit: UXL, 2004. 143-151. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 11 Mar. 2011
"The Harlem Renaissance." American History. Edited. Evanston: McDougal Littell, 2008. Print.
Lewis, Ronald L. "Garvey, Marcus." Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. Grolier Online, 2011. Web. 11 Mar. 2011.
Pictures Work Cited:
"Marcus Mosiah Garvey." Marcus Mosiah Garvey. Web. 10 Mar 2011. <http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http:www.africawithin.com/garvey/Mgarvey%255B1%255D.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.africawithin.com/garvey/garvey_bio.htm&usg=VdowxEX5Bsi4j0wQoOcGMXUE
+Teo=&h=492&w=400&sz=19&hl=en&start=1&sig2=FKgHJM0N21IyxfxMUSua5A&zoom=1&itbs=1&tbnid=o2UKauZrtbH71M:&tbnh=130&tbnw=106&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmarcus%2Bgarvey%26hl%3Den%26gbv%3D2%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=PlR5TePJCMHdgQfjyeTwBg>.
"Marcus Garvey: A Black "Moses"." Marcus Garvey: A Black "Moses". Web. 10 Mar 2011. <http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http:www.kkk.bz/Image12.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.kkk.bz/marcus_garvey.htm&usg=PuA4ylgpCFsUTTKHZvdbncrWzJg=&h=1673&w=857&sz=258&hl=en&start=3&sig2=Gw2iQkHzRakFwGmGBP_H8w&zoom=1&itbs=1&tbnid=Le9NLdfZHhmoAM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=77&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmarcus%2Bgarvey%26hl%3Den%26gbv%3D2%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=PlR5TePJCMHdgQfjyeTwBg>.
Marcus Garvey foundation, Inc.. Web. 10 Mar 2011. <http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http:www.garveyfoundation.com/images/BlackStarAd.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.garveyfoundation.com/archives.html&usg=__lIDHHZCcIvjU4MNgTxpWVeAPGuo=&h=403&w=607&sz=67&hl=en&start=1&sig2=ez6EZjH1218dImg74F0kQw&zoom=1&itbs=1&tbnid=JJigydbTBvZVdM:&tbnh=90&tbnw=136&prev=/images%3Fq%3DBlack%2BStar%2BLine%26hl%3Den%26gbv%3D2%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=CFh5TarMKdTpgQfj_qTeBg>.
The Scopes “Monkey” Trial:
In 1925, the state of Tennessee approved a bill that would make it illegal to teach Darwin’s theory of evolution in public schools. Devout Christians were able to get a majority, as they believed that because
Citations:
"The Scopes "Monkey" Trial and the Seperation of Church and State." American decades: 1920-1929. 1st ed. Detroit, MI: Gale Research Inc., 1996. Print.
Gordon, Robert. "Scopes trial." In Faue, Elizabeth, and Gary B. Nash, eds. Encyclopedia of American History: The Emergence of Modern America, 1900 to 1928, Revised Edition (Volume VII). New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2010. American History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
ItemID=WE52&iPin=EAHVII239&SingleRecord=True (accessed March 10, 2011).
Pictures:
Famous Trials in American History; The Scopes Trial. Web. 14 Mar 2011. <http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/scopes/scopes.htm>.
Themanjimmy. Web. 14 Mar 2011. <http://thamanjimmy.blogspot.com/2010/11/hisory-of-scopes-trial.html>.
The Scopes Trial//. Web. 14 Mar 2011. http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/mmh/clash/Scopes/scopes-page2.ht
Sacco Vanzetti Case:
Nicola Sacco was a humble shoemaker and Bartolomeo Vanzetti was a simple fish peddler. Both men were anarchists. On May 5th in 1920 both men were arrested for payroll holdup and murder in South Braintree. They escaped with a payroll of $16,000 after murdering the paymaster of a shoe making company and his guard. Both men were arrested because they both had pistols with them. Sacco’s gun however was of the same caliber as the one used to kill the one of the murder victims but not Vanzetti’s. They were found guilty by the jury on July 14th 1921. It took six years of politics and appeals but finally, on August 23rd 1927, they were electrocuted
Many angry people thought that the two men were accused of a tragic accident. They believed that they were convicted because of the fact that they were anarchists. Because they were anarchists and it was the time of the Red Scare their supporters believed that the government was just afraid of them. In 1926 the defense tried to redeem themselves by saying that the murders were committed by members of the Morelli Gang. Webster Thayer, the judge, had refused the opening of the case.
It was one of the most controversial cases in the 20th century. To this day historians are debating about who was innocent and who was guilty. Although now many historians believe that Vanzetti was innocent the answer is only known by Vanzetti himself for now.
(Library of Congress)
Bartolomeo Vanzetti (left) and Nicola Sacco manacled together and surrounded by guards and onlookers, as they approach the Massachusetts courthouse where they will be sentenced to death.
Source 1- Thrumbauer, Lisa. Russian Immigrants. 1st. 1. New York: Facts on File Inc., 2005. 1-51. Print.
Source 2- Garfinkel Weiss, Gail. Americans from Russia and Eastern Europe. 1st. 1. Tarrytown: RJF Publishing LLC, 2010. 1-39. Print
Source 3- Dummett, Michael. "Russian Immigrants." Spartacus.schoolnet. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Nov 2010. <http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAErussia.htm.
Source 4- http://history.salempress.com/doi/full/10.3331/GE20a_1561072022?prevSearch=Sacco%2Band%2BVanzetti&searchHistoryKey=&queryHash=c6f34b32d313bcf11bc8d6827988b4d6&
Source 5- "Sacco and Vanzetti Case." Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. Grolier Online, 2011. Web. 10 Mar. 2011.
Source 6- “The Harlem Renaissance.” American History, Edited Evanston: McDougal Little, 2008. Print.
Source 7- http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.christiebooks.com/ChristieBooksWP/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/Sacco_e_Vanzetti.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.christiebooks.com/ChristieBooksWP/%3Fp%3D1240&usg=__PPm8RG1VSJlOQoF2imuRdvJVV7Q=&h=278&w=432&sz=131&hl=en&start=40&zoom=1&tbnid=yprEx4dyxvhO1M:&tbnh=171&tbnw=232&ei=Vlp-TfHVNoubtwfwv5TPBQ&prev=/images%3Fq%3DSacco%2BVanzetti%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26biw%3D1596%26bih%3D693%26gbv%3D2%26tbs%3Disch:10%2C832&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=395&vpy=223&dur=1233&hovh=180&hovw=280&tx=129&ty=138&oei=UVp-TfrVG5GjtgfB46m6BQ&page=2&ndsp=23&ved=1t:429,r:16,s:40&biw=1596&bih=693
Marcus Garvey, Back To Africa Movement- Jacob
Scopes Trial- Charles
Sacco-Vanzetti Case- Jesse